🧑‍💻|02| WT002: General Navigation Test (Chapter 6 to 9)

 
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Q1. On a chart 5 centimetres represents 7 nautical miles. Determine the distance in inches on this chart which would represent the distance flown by an aircraft in 5 minutes at a groundspeed of 156 knots.

Q2. Assuming mid-latitudes (40° to 50°N/S). At which time of year is the relationship between the length of day and night, as well as the rate of change of declination of the sun, changing at the greatest rate?

Spring equinox and autumn equinox –

  • Consistent with the previous question, the rate of change is maximum at the equinoxes.

    • Q3. When it is the Winter Solstice in the Southern hemisphere, the Declination of the Sun is:

    Q4. The maximum difference between mean noon (1200LMT) and real/apparent noon occurs in ________?

    Q5. A normal Mercator chart is a … projection? (i) Cylindrical (ii) Perspective (iii) Non-perspective (iv) Conformal (v) Conical (vi) Azimuthal

    (i), (iii) and (iv) –

  • Mercator is Cylindrical (wrapped around equator), Non-perspective (mathematically modified stretch), and Conformal (angles preserved).

    • Q6. The main reason that day and night, throughout the year, have different duration, is due to the?

    Q7. The total length of the 70°N parallel of latitude on a direct Mercator chart is 120 cm. What is the approximate scale of the chart at latitude 40° S?

    Correct answer is – 1: 25 500 000.

    Q8. On a Direct Mercator chart at latitude of 45°N, a certain length represents a distance of 96 NM on the earth. The same length on the chart will represent on the earth, at latitude 60°N, a distance of?

    Correct answer is – 68 nm.

    Q9. On a Mercator chart, the rhumb line track from Durban (30S 032E) to Perth (30S 116E) is 090°(T). What is the great circle track from Perth to Durban?

    249°(T) –

  • RL Track (Perth to Durban): Reciprocal of 090 is 270°.
  • Conversion Angle (CA): 0.5 times dLong times sin(Lat). dLong = 116 – 32 = 84Degree . CA = 0.5 times 84 times 0.5 = 21Degree .
  • Direction: In Southern Hemisphere, GC is nearer the pole (South) than RL. From Perth (East) to Durban (West), track is West. GC curves South (Left) of RL.
  • Calc: 270Degree – 21Degree = 249Degree .

    • Q10. A lambert conical projection has standard parallel at 54N and 46N. The initial course of a straight line track drawn on this chart from A (50°N 160° E) to B (50N 150W) is

    071 T – n = sin(50) ≈ 0.766. dLong=50. CA = 0.5500.766 ≈ 19°. RL=090. NH Eastbound Initial GC < RL. 90-19 = 71.

    Q11. A great circle track joins position A (59 S 178 W) and B (61 S 168 E).What is the difference between the great circle track at A and B?

    increases by 12 degree – SH Westbound across 180. Track Increases. Conv = 14 * sin(60) ≈ 12°.

    Q12. At 60° N the scale of a direct Mercator chart is 1: 3 000 000. What is the scale at the equator?

    1:6 000 000 – Scale(Lat) = Scale(Eq) * sec(Lat). Scale(Eq) = Scale(60) * cos(60) = (1/3M) * 0.5 = 1/6M.

    Q13. Two aircraft are flying eastwards around the earth. Aircraft A is flying along the 75N parallel of latitude and aircraft B is flying along 45S. If aircraft A is flying at a groundspeed of 300 knots, what would be the groundspeed of aircraft B both aircraft fly once round the Earth in the same journey time?

    Correct answer is – 820 knots.

    Q14. A Lambert conformal conic projection, with two standard parallels:

    the scale is only correct along the standard parallels –

  • The cone cuts the earth at two parallels; scale is exact (1.0) at these intersections.

    • Q15. The sun rises at 50 º N and 025ºW on the 25th January at 0654 UTC. On the same day what time does it rise at 50º N and 040°E?

    Q16. The convergence factor of a Lambert conformal conic chart is quoted as 0.85 At what latitude on the chart is earth convergency correctly represented?

    58°12′ – n = sin(Lat). arcsin(0.85) ≈ 58.21° = 58°12′.

    Q17. 1. On a Polar Stereographic chart, the initial great circle course from A 70°N 060°W to B 70°N 060°E is approximate:

    030° (T) – NH Polar Chart. A(60W) to B(60E) is Eastbound (across 000). dLong = 120. Isosceles triangle P-A-B. Angle P=120. Angles A&B = (180-120)/2 = 30. Track measured from True North (Meridian). At A, North is towards Pole. Track A to B is 030°.

    Q18. On Mid-summer Day in the Southern hemisphere, the Sun will be overhead:

    Q19. On a Direct Mercator chart at latitude 70°N, a certain length represents a distance of 90 NM on the earth. The same length on the chart will represent on the earth, at latitude 10°N, a distance of:

    Correct answer is – 259 nm.

    Q20. Given: Chart scale is 1: 3 000 000. The chart distance between two points is 24 centimetres. Earth distance is Approx.:

    Correct answer is – 389 nm.

    Q21. Position A is (31°00’S, 176°17’W) Rhumb line track (T) from A to B is 270°. Initial great circle track (T) from A to B is 266.2°.The Approximate position of B is:

    (31°00’S, 168°58’E) – CA=3.8 -> dLong=14.75°. A is 3.7° from 180. Remaining 11.05° past 180E -> 168.97°E.

    Q22. On a Lambert chart (standard parallels 37°N and 65°N), with respect to the straight line drawn on the map between A(N59° W030°) and B (N58° W040°), the:

    great circle is to the north, the rhumb line is to the south

    read question – do not memorize.

    Q23. A Lambert conformal conic chart has a constant of the cone of 0.80. The initial course of a straight line track drawn on this chart from A (50°S 170° 30 ‘W) to B is 281°(T) at A, a course at B is 289°(T). What is the longitude of B?

    179° 30 ‘E – Track Change = 8°. dLong = 8/0.8 = 10°. SH Track Increases = Westbound. 170°30’W + 10° West crosses 180° to 179°30’E.

    Q24. Local Mean Time (LMT) always changes by a day when crossing:

    Q25. What is the time of sunrise in Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada (49N 123º 30ºW) on the 6th January expressed in UTC? (refer Almanac)

    Q26. The circumference of the Earth is approximately?

    Q27. The nominal scale of a Lambert conformal conic chart is the:

    scale at the standard parallels –

  • This is where the scale factor is exactly 1.0.

    • Q28. An aircraft takes off from India at 1800 Standard Time on 25 sept local date. After a flight of 08HR 30 minutes it lands at Singapore. What is the Standard Time and local date of arrival?

    Correct answer is – 0500, 26 sept.

    Q29. What is the value of the convergence factor on a Polar Stereographic chart?

    1.0 –

  • The projection surface is a plane tangent at the Pole (sin(90) = 1). Meridians radiate as straight lines from the pole, so Chart Conv = dLong. Factor = 1.0.

    • Q30. The orbit of the Earth round the Sun is elliptical. An ellipse has 2 foci. Which of the following is a correct statement?

    The Sun is positioned at one of the foci. –

  • Kepler’s First Law states that the orbit of a planet is an ellipse with the Sun at one of the two foci.

    • Q31. On a Transverse Mercator chart, scale is exactly correct along the:

    meridian of tangency –

  • Scale is 1.0 along the central meridian where the cylinder touches the earth.

    • Q32. On a Lambert Conformal Conic chart great circles that are not meridians are:

    curves concave to the parallel of origin –

  • Because the projection is “flattened” slightly compared to a sphere, Great Circles curve slightly towards the Parallel of Origin (center of the map projection).

    • Q33. What is the reason for seasonal changes in climate?

    Q34. Assuming mid-latitudes (40° to 50°N/S). At which time of year is the relationship between the length of day and night, as well as the rate of change of declination of the sun, changing at the greatest rate?

    Q35. The scale is correct on a Transverse Mercator chart.

    Correct answer is – Along the great circle of tangency.

    Q36. In a Gregorian calendar every four year is a leap year

    Q37. LMT at location A (50S 030E) is 1200, and the date is 31 Dec 2021 find the LMT of location B (40 S 120W)

    Correct answer is – 0200, 31 Dec

    Q38. Zone Time (ZT) is used:

    Q39. The UTC of the end of evening civil twilight in position 51°N 008ºW on 15 August is?

    Q40. In which two months of the year is the difference between the transit of the Apparent Sun and Mean Sun across the Greenwich Meridian the greatest?

    February and November –

  • This refers to the “Equation of Time” (Apparent Solar Time – Mean Solar Time). The difference peaks at approx -14 mins in February and +16 mins in November.

    • Q41. Which one of the following statements is correct concerning the appearance of great circles, with the exception of meridians, on a Polar Stereographic chart whose tangency is at the pole ?

    The higher the latitude the closer they approximate to a straight line –

  • A straight line through the Pole (meridian) is a GC. As you move away from the pole, GCs curve slightly. Near the pole (high lat), they are nearly straight.

    • Q42. The two standard parallels of a conical Lambert projection are at N40° and N46°. The cone constant of this chart is approximative:

    0.70 – n ≈ sin(Average Parallel) = sin(43°) ≈ 0.68. Closest option is 0.70 (Exact calculation gives ~0.68, option 0.70 is the intended ‘approximate’ standard answer for this range).

    Q43. Two aircraft are flying eastwards around the earth. Aircraft A is flying along the 30°N parallel of latitude and aircraft B is flying along the equator. If aircraft A is flying at a groundspeed of 400 knots, what would be the groundspeed of aircraft B both aircraft fly once round the Earth in the same journey time?

    Correct answer is – 462 knots.

    Q44. A straight line drawn on a chart measures 4.63 cm and represents 125 NM. The chart scale is?

    Correct answer is – 1 : 5 000 000.

    Q45. On a chart, one centimetre represents 3.5 kilometres. Give the scale as a representative fraction

    Q46. When it is 1000 Standard Time in Kuwait (03 hr ahead of UTC) , the Standard Time in Angola (+01:00 ) is?

    Q47. Assume a Mercator chart. The distance between positions A and B, located on the same parallel and 10° longitude apart, is 6 cm. The scale at the parallel is 1: 9 260 000. What is the latitude of A and B?

    Correct answer is – 60° N or S.

    Q48. At 60S on a Mercator chart, chart convergence is:

    less than Earth convergency –

  • On a Mercator chart, meridians are parallel, so Chart Convergence is Zero. Earth Convergency at 60S is significant (dLong times sin(60)). Therefore, Chart Conv (0) is less than Earth Conv.

    • Q49. A lambert conical projection chart the initial great circle track drawn from A (30°N 060° W) to B ( 30 N 130 W ) is 295 T. >>>>Then parallel of origin is at :

    45 N – RL=270. Initial=295. CA=25. Conv=50. n=50/70=0.71. arcsin(0.71) ≈ 45°.

    Q50. What is the local mean time, position 65º25’N 123º45’W at 2200 UTC?

    Q51. Which one of the following, concerning great circles on a Direct Mercator chart, is correct?

    With the exception of meridians and the equator, they are curves concave to the equator –

  • This option includes the necessary exception for Meridians and Equator which are straight lines.

    • Q52. At 47 North the chart distance between meridians 10 degree apart is 6 inches. The scale of the chart at 47 North approximates:

    Correct answer is – 1 : 5 000 000.

    Q53. The constant of the cone, on a Lambert chart where the convergence angle between longitudes 010°E and 030°W is 30°, is:

    0.75 –

  • Formula: n = text{Chart Conv} / dLong.
  • dLong: 10E to 30W = 40Degree .
  • Calc: 30 / 40 = 0.75.

    • Q54. Which one of the following describes the appearance of rhumb lines, except meridians, on a Polar Stereographic chart?

    Curves concave to the Pole –

  • Rhumb lines spiral towards the pole, appearing as curves concave to the pole.

    • Q55. The declination of a celestial body (the Sun) measured on the Celestial Sphere is analogous (equivalent) to ________________ on the Earth?

    Q56. On a Direct Mercator chart, meridians are:

    parallel, equally spaced, vertical straight lines –

  • Meridians are projected as parallel vertical lines with equal spacing (unlike parallels of latitude which expand).

    • Q57. Civil twilight is defined by :

    sun altitude is 6° below the celestial horizon –

  • Civil Twilight ends when the geometric center of the sun is 6 degrees below the sensible horizon. (12° is Nautical, 18° is Astronomical).

    • Q58. On a Lambert conformal conic chart the convergence of the meridians:

    is the same as earth convergency at the parallel of origin –

  • Chart Convergence is constant (dLong times n). Earth Conv varies. They match only at the single latitude where n = sin(text{lat}).

    • Q59. An aircraft passes position A (60°00’N 120°00’W) on route to position B (60°00’N140°30’W).What is the great circle track on departure from A?

    279° – NH Westbound along 60N. RL=270. CA = 0.5 * 20.5 * sin(60) = 8.9°. Initial GC = 270 + 8.9 = 278.9°.

    Q60. The chart that is generally used for navigation in polar areas is based on a:

    Stereographical projection –

  • Preserves angles (conformal) and handles the pole without distortion (unlike Mercator).

    • Q61. Seasons are due to the:

    inclination of the polar axis with the ecliptic plane –

  • The tilt of the Earth’s axis (obliquity of the ecliptic, approx 23.5°) relative to its orbital plane causes the variation in solar angle and day length that creates seasons.

    • Q62. On a Lambert Conformal Conic chart earth convergency is most accurately represented at the:

    parallel of origin –

  • Chart Convergence = dLong times n. Earth Convergence = dLong times sin(text{Lat}). These are equal where n = sin(text{Lat}), which is the Parallel of Origin.

    • Q63. Which is the lowest latitude listed below at which the sun will rise above the horizon and set every day?

    66° –

  • Note: This question wording is tricky. 68° and 72° experience 24-hour daylight/darkness. 62° and 66° both have daily sunrises/sunsets. However, 66.5° (Arctic Circle) is the limiting latitude for this behavior. In aviation exams, 66° is typically the correct answer as it represents the boundary condition (closest to the Polar Circle).

    • Q64. The main reason that day and night, throughout the year, have different durations is due to the:

    inclination of the ecliptic to the Equator –

  • The 23.5-degree tilt (obliquity) causes the Sun’s declination to change throughout the year, varying the length of daylight.

    • Q65. Approximately how many nautical miles correspond to 15 cm on a map with a scale of 1 : 3 000 000?

    Q66. When standing at the South Pole in which direction will you be facing?

    Q67. The Local Mean Time at longitude 095°20’W, at 0000 UTC, is :

    Q68. A straight line on a Lambert Conformal Projection chart for normal flight planning purposes:

    is approximately a Great Circle –

  • This is the primary advantage of LCC charts for aviation; straight lines approximate Great Circles.

    • Q69. How does scale change on a normal Mercator chart?

    expands directly with the secant of the latitude –

  • Scale factor at latitude phi = sec(phi) = 1/cos(phi). Scale increases moving away from the Equator.

    • Q70. Transverse Mercator projections are used for:

    maps of large north/south extent –

  • Distortion is low along the meridian of tangency (N/S), making it ideal for N/S areas (e.g., Chile, UK).

    • Q71. Mercator charts use … projections.

    cylindrical –

  • The projection surface is a cylinder tangent at the equator.

    • Q72. On the 14th of February, at 52 o S 040 oE. The sunrise is at 0243UTC. On the same day, at 52 o S 035 oW, the sunrise is at?

    Correct answer is – 0743UTC

    Q73. When does perihelion occur?

    Q74. Give the scale, as a representative fraction, of the following charts:- five inches represents eight nautical miles

    Q75. Viewed from the North Celestial Pole (above the North Pole), the Earth orbits the Sun

    Q76. An Oblique Mercator projection is used specifically to produce:

    charts of the great circle route between two points –

  • The cylinder is tangent along a specific Great Circle path.

    • Q77. On a direct Mercator, great circles can be represented as:

    Straight lines and curves –

  • Generally, Great Circles are curves concave to the equator. However, Meridians and the Equator are Great Circles and appear as straight lines. Thus, “Straight lines and curves” is the precise answer.

    • Q78. At 60º N the scale of a direct Mercator chart is 1 : 4 000 000. What is the scale at the equator?

    Q79. On a normal Mercator chart, rhumb lines are represented as:

    Straight lines –

  • The defining property of a Mercator chart is that straight lines represent Rhumb Lines (lines of constant bearing).

    • Q80. On a transverse Mercator chart, with the exception of the Equator, parallels of latitude appear as:

    ellipses –

  • The projection geometry results in parallels appearing as ellipses concave to the nearest pole.

    • Q81. What is the meaning of the term ‘standard time’?

    It is the time set by the legal authorities for a country or part of a country. –

  • Standard Time is the official local time for a region, defined by law, usually based on a central meridian.

    • Q82. 3. On a polar stereographic projection chart showing the South Pole, a straight line joins position A (70°S 065°E) to position B (70°S 025°W). The true course on departure from position A is approximate:

    225° – SH Chart. A(65E) to B(25W) is Westbound. dLong = 90. Isosceles triangle. Angle P=90. Base angles=45. Track measured from True North. At A, North is away from Pole. Path A->B is West (Left). Angle between North and Path is 180 (South) + 45? No. Standard calc: Initial Grid = 270 (West). Earth Conv = 1 * dLong? No. Geometry: Meridian A is 65E. North is Up (Away). Path is ‘Left’ & ‘Down’ relative to grid? Simpler: Westbound SH Track Increases? No, Westbound SH Increases. Vertex is midway? 65E to 25W. Midpoint 20E. Vertex Track 270. A is 45 deg East of Vertex. Track A = 270 – 45 = 225.

    Q83. Approx. how many nautical miles correspond to 10 cm on a map with a scale of 1: 5 000 000?

    Correct answer is – 270 NM.

    Q84. An aircraft departs Guam (13N 145E) at 2300 Standard Time on 30th April local date. Flight time to Los Angeles, California, USA (34N 118W) is 11 hours 15 minutes. What is the California Standard Time and local date of arrival? Assume Summer Time is being kept.

    1715 ST 30 Apr –

  • Dep UTC: Guam (145E = GMT+10). 2300L – 10h = 1300 UTC (30 Apr).
  • Arr UTC: 1300 + 11h 15m = 2415 UTC (0015 UTC 01 May).
  • Dest Time: LA (118W = GMT-8). Summer Time (DST) = GMT-7.
  • Arr Local: 0015 (01 May) – 7h = 1715 (previous day, 30 Apr).

    • Q85. A straight line, drawn on a lambert conical chart between point A and B has the bearing of 080T at A and 090T at B. If the constant of the cone is 0.8 and the location of point A is 60N 40E then find the Longitude of B.

    05230 E – Change=10. dLong=12.5 (12°30′). Track Increase = Eastbound. 40E + 12°30′ = 52°30’E.

    Q86. In which two months of the year is the difference between the transit of the Apparent Sun and Mean Sun across the Greenwich Meridian the greatest?

    Q87. The constant of the cone, on a Lambert chart where the convergence angle between longitudes 010°E and 030°W is 30°, is:

    0.75 – n = Conv/dLong. dLong = 10E to 30W = 40°. n = 30/40 = 0.75.

    Q88. The Hour Angle (Greenwich Hour Angle) of a celestial body is analogous/ equivalent on the Earth to ________?

    Q89. Rhumb line track B (35N 150 W) to A (45N 160E) is 285 degrees.Find the Great-circle track at A on route A-B?

    89 – RL A->B = 285-180=105. CA = 0.5 * 50 * sin(40) = 16. NH Eastbound Initial GC < RL. 105 – 16 = 89.

    Q90. In which two months of the year is the difference between the transit of the In which two months of the year is the difference between the transit of the

    Q91. The angle between the plane of the ecliptic and the plane of equator is approximately:

    23.5° –

  • This is the Obliquity of the Ecliptic (Earth’s axial tilt).

    • Q92. A lambert conical projection chart the initial great circle track drawn from A (40°S 030° E) to B ( 40 S 30 W ) is 247 T. >>>>Find the constant of cone.

    0.76 – RL=270. Initial=247. CA=23. Conv=46. n = 46/60 = 0.766.

    Q93. The total length of the 75°N parallel of latitude on a direct Mercator chart is 115 cm. What is the approximate scale of the chart at latitude 30° S?

    Correct answer is – 1: 30 000 000.

    Q94. On the 27th of February, at 52ºs and 034ºW, the sunrise is at 0743 UTC. On the same day, at 52ºs and 040°E, the sunrise is at?

    Q95. A great circle track joins position A (59°S 141°W) and B (61°S 148°W).What is the difference between the great circle track at A and B?

    It increases by 6° – SH Westbound -> Track Increases. Conv = 7 * sin(60) ≈ 6°.

    Q96. If the rhumb line track from Turin (45N 008E) to Khartoum (15N 032E) is 145°(T), what is the direction of the great circle track from Khartoum to Turin?

    331°(T) –

  • Mean Lat: (45+15)/2 = 30Degree .
  • dLong: 32-8 = 24Degree .
  • CA: 0.5 times 24 times sin(30) = 12 times 0.5 = 6Degree .
  • RL Reciprocal: 145+180 = 325Degree .
  • Direction: Northern Hemisphere. GC is North (Poleward) of RL. Track is NW. GC is to the Right of RL.
  • Calc: 325Degree + 6Degree = 331Degree .

    • Q97. Two aircraft are flying eastwards around the earth. Aircraft A is flying along the 60N oflatitude and aircraft B is flying along the 20ºN parallel. If aircraft A is flying at a groundspeed of 240 knots, what would be the groundspeed of aircraft B both aircraft fly once round the Earth in the same journey time?

    Q98. An aircraft takes off from India (+0530) at 1100 Standard Time on 20 feb local date. After a flight of 01hr it lands at Tajikistan (+0500) . What is the Standard Time and local date of arrival?

    Correct answer is – 1130, 20 feb.

    Q99. 2.1>>On a Polar Stereographic map, a line is drawn from position A (70N 102W) to position B (80N 006E). The point of highest latitude along this line occurs at 035W. What is the initial straight-line track angle from A to B, measured at A?

    23 – NH Eastbound. Vertex 035W (Track 090). A is 102W. dLong A-V = 67. A is West of V (Before). Track A < 90. 90 – 67 = 23.

    Q100. On the 27th of February, at 52ºs and 040°E. the sunrise is at 0243UTC. On the same day, at 52ºs and 035ºW, the sunrise is at?

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